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All samples (n = 6) were irradiated in a 96 well plate using an LED panel on top for 3 and 6 h before analysis. An identical set of samples were kept in the dark as controls. The temperature was checked and did not go over 37 °C. The intensity of light was also measured and was constant at 19,500.10 lux. (43.33 W in 0.2 m2), about 5 times less than actual solar light intensity on Earth's surface Therefore, these findings are indicative of even greater danger in real life.
As of August 7, the use of titanium dioxide in food is banned in the European Union. Europe is taking a precautionary principle approach based on findings from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
Top 10 Chinese TiO2 exporters in 2016